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Gacha games are video games that implement the gacha (capsule-toy vending machine) mechanic. This is somewhat similar to loot boxes, inducing players to spend in-game currency to receive a random virtual item. Most of these games are free-to-playmobile games, where the gacha serves as an incentive to spend real-world money.^[1][2]

The gacha game model began to be widely used in the early 2010s, faring particularly well in Japan.^[1][2] Almost all of the highest-grossing mobile games in Japan use it, and it has become an integral part of Japanese mobile game culture.^[3] Outside Japan, the game mechanism is also gaining popularity and is included in various Chinese and Korean games.^[3][4][5][6]

Model[edit]

In these games, there are usually numerous characters, cards, or other items that players can obtain, and most of them are only obtainable via a 'gacha' mechanism.^[3] This allow players to 'pull' or 'spin' the gacha (analogous to a slot machine or roulette wheel) using a specific amount of in-game currency, which will then give the player a randomized character, card, or other item.^[3] Sometimes, these gacha are limited, such that specific prizes can only be obtained within a specific event time-frame.^[3] Because some of the rewards have a lower chance to appear, typically players must spin the gacha many times before they get their desired outcome.^[3]

In many games, gacha are essential for players to make progress in the game.^[6] Players may be given free or discounted gachas, but have to pay to get more.^[1] These games may also feature different tiers of gacha pulls, which give different sets of rewards.^[2]

The model of gacha has been compared to that of collectible trading card games as well as to gambling.^[7] An aspect of monetisation commonly found in the financing of gacha games involves a model where a small proportion of players who spend an unusually large amount of money on gacha rolls (via in-game purchases) provide the majority of the funding needed for the game's upkeep, essentially subsidising the game for other players who may spend smaller amounts of money, or even free-to-play players that spend no money at all. The high-spending players are often colloquially referred to as 'whales'.^[8]

Types[edit]

Complete gacha[edit]

'Complete gacha' (コンプリートガチャ), also shortened as 'kompu gacha'^[9][10] or 'compu gacha'^[11](コンプガチャ), was a monetization model popular in Japanese mobile phone video games until 2012, when it was found to be illegal by Japan's Consumer Affairs Agency. Under complete gacha rules, players attempt to 'complete' a set of common items at random in a particular loot pool in order to combine them into a rarer item.^[11][10] The first few items in a set can be rapidly acquired but as the number of missing items decreases it becomes increasingly unlikely that redeeming a loot box will complete the set (see coupon collector's problem). This is particularly true if there are a large number of common items in the game, since eventually one single, specific item is required.^[10]

Box gacha[edit]

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Box gacha is a virtual box of set items with known probabilities. Its popularity grew around the time that the complete gacha controversy was becoming publicized. As items are pulled from the box, the likelihood of receiving the desired item increases since there are fewer items in the box.^[12] It is also possible to pull every item in the box, provided the player is willing to spend enough. For this reason, some players will calculate how much money it would take to ensure they pull the item of their choosing.^[13]

Redraw gacha[edit]

Redraw gacha allows the player to 're-roll' the gacha if they receive an unfavorable result. Some games offer this feature for free.^[12] In games that offer an initial free gacha roll upon commencement, players beginning the game for the first time may attempt 're-rolling' by repeatedly creating new accounts until they obtain the desired rare item or starting results.^[8]

Consecutive gacha[edit]

Consecutive gacha improves the chances of receiving rare rewards when the player spends in bulk. As opposed to spending a set amount for individual rolls, a player can spend a larger amount in order to roll several times in a row for a slightly discounted price. At the end of the roll, the player receives all the items at once.^[13]

Step-up gacha[edit]

With step-up gacha, the player's chances of pulling a rare item is increased each time they roll. This gacha is very popular with heavy spenders, because with every roll the stakes feel higher.^[13]

Open versus closed gacha[edit]

Gacha that show (open) versus hide (closed) the exact probabilities of pulling rare items.^[12]

Discounted gacha[edit]

Discounted gacha usually involve special campaigns or events by the game company to allow users to roll for a lower price.^[12]

Appeal[edit]

Game developers have praised gacha as being a great free-to-play monetisation strategy.^[7][6] Most developers that work primarily with free-to-play games recommend it be incorporated into the game starting with the concept for maximum monetisation potential.^[6]

It has been debated what makes gacha so addictive to so many players. Some believe that gacha games play on the inherent hunter-gatherer instinct that people have to collect items, as well as the desire to complete a set.^[6] Others believe it is simply the replication of the thrill of gambling that brings players back time and time again.^[7]

Criticism and controversy[edit]

In May 2012, an article was published in a conservative Japanese newspaper, the Yomiuri Shimbun, that criticized social networking games and specifically gacha for exploiting the naivety of children to make a profit. The main complaint of the article was that the gacha model too closely resembled gambling. The paper called for an investigation by Japan's Consumer Affairs Agency to prevent abuse of the system.^[14] Several cases of teenagers and even younger kids spending equivalents of over 1000 USD have been reported in the media.^[15][16] Shortly after, the suggested investigation was performed and the model of complete gacha was declared illegal by the Consumer Affairs Agency, citing the Law for Preventing Unjustifiable Extras or Unexpected Benefit and Misleading Representation (不当景品類及び不当表示防止法),^[11][10] The Consumer Affairs Agency stated that virtual items could be considered 'prizes' under existing legislation written in 1977 to prevent the complete gacha practice in the context of baseball trading cards. Within a month of the statement being issued, all major Japanese game publishers had removed complete gacha rules from their games, though many developers found ways around this.^[10][17] In addition, several lawsuits were launched in Japan against companies selling gacha products, leading to temporary decrease in their stock market value by almost a quarter.^[18][19][20] Japanese mobile game developers, including GREE and DeNA, worked to establish a self-regulating industry group, the Japan Social Game Association, which was an attempt to push developers from these models, but it did not prove successful, and the Association was disbanded by 2015.^[17]

The mechanism has come under scrutiny for its similarity to gambling, and some countries require drop rates to be made public, or have banned certain practices (e.g., complete gacha).^[21][22] Many players also feel regret after making purchases in these games according to a survey.^[23] This type of game has also come under criticism for luring players into spending thousands of dollars at a time to get what they want,^[24] and the way gacha outcomes are presented within the game have also been criticized.^[25] Children are likely to be affected by the gambling-like mechanism since mobile devices provides easy access to payment; some game developers also intentionally introduce emotional manipulations and exploitive practices.^[26] A 2019 research paper has noted that 'the gacha system has proven to be addictive and problematic' and speculated that the loopholes in the gacha system could be exploited for international money laundering.^[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcToto, Serkan. 'Gacha: Explaining Japan's Top Money-Making Social Game Mechanism'. Serkan Toto: CEO Blog. Kantan Games. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
2. ^ ^abc''Fire Emblem Heroes' Is a Gacha Game - Here's What That Means'. Inverse. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
3. ^ ^abcdef'Japanese gachas are sweeping F2P games in the West'. 2 November 2016.
4. ^'Nintendo's Mobile 'Fire Emblem' Is a 'Gacha' Game, Here's What That Means'. Waypoint. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
5. ^Nakamura, Yuji (3 February 2017). 'Nintendo treading on shaky ground as new mobile game takes 'gacha' global'. Japan Times Online.
6. ^ ^abcdeHeinze, Johannes (18 July 2017). 'How gacha can benefit Western game developers'. GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
7. ^ ^abcWill Luton (2013). Free-to-Play: Making Money From Games You Give Away. New Riders. p. 88. ISBN978-0-13-341124-9.
8. ^ ^abFlachner Balázs (22 July 2020). 'Virtuális kemény drog tolja a mobilos játékok szekerét'. Index.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2020.
9. ^'Kompu gacha freemium systems banned in Japan'. VG247. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
10. ^ ^abcdeAkimoto, Akky (16 May 2012). 'Japan's social-gaming industry hindered by government's anti-gambling move'. The Japan Times. ISSN0447-5763. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
11. ^ ^abc'Social Games' 'Compu Gacha' Model Officially Declared Illegal'. Siliconera. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
12. ^ ^abcdKoeder, Marco; Tanaka, Ema; Sugai, Philip (June 2017). 'Mobile Game Price Discrimination effect on users of Freemium services– An initial outline of Game of Chance elements in Japanese F2P mobile games'(PDF). 14th International Telecommunications Society (ITS) Asia-Pacific Regional Conference: 'Mapping ICT into Transformation for the Next Information Society'.
13. ^ ^abcToto, Dr Serkan (14 March 2016). 'How Japanese Mobile Game Makers Go After Whales: 5 Popular Gacha Mechanics – Kantan Games Inc. CEO Blog'. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
14. ^'Social networking games must be responsible.' Yomiuri Shimbun. May 29th, 2012. [1]
15. ^Russell, Jon (6 May 2012). 'Japan Mulls Ban on Controversial but Lucrative Game Genre'. The Next Web. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
16. ^'Heroines Are A Dangerous Drug: Japanese Users Spend Massive Money On Imaginary Idols'. Kotaku. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
17. ^ ^abHood, Vic (20 October 2017). 'What the UK can learn from the Far East's battle with loot boxes'. Eurogamer. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
18. ^ ^abPramanta, Rio Akbar; Utomo, Tri Cahyo (26 September 2019). 'Psychoanalytical Approach to Transnational Money Laundering Utilizing Japanese Mobile Online Games with Gacha System: A Forecasting Study'. Journal of International Relations. 5 (4): 646–652.
19. ^'$6,065 Spent in One Night Shows Dark Side of Japan's Mobile Games'. Bloomberg.com. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
20. ^Barder, Ollie. 'Japanese Mobile Gaming Still Can't Shake Off The Spectre Of Exploitation'. Forbes. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
21. ^Feit, Daniel. 'Gacha Watch: Japan's Social Game Industry Shifts Gears After Government Crackdown'. WIRED. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
22. ^'China's new law forces Dota, League of Legends, and other games to reveal odds of scoring good loot'. 2 May 2017.
23. ^'Gacha Watch: 60% of Japan's Social Game Players Have Buyer's Remorse'. Wired. 27 August 2012.
24. ^Barder, Ollie. 'Japanese Mobile Gaming Still Can't Shake Off The Spectre Of Exploitation'.
25. ^'バンダイナムコ、スマホ「ガチャ」で誤表示'.
26. ^Liu, Kevin (1 July 2019). 'A Global Analysis into Loot Boxes: Is It 'Virtually' Gambling?'. Washington International Law Journal. 28 (3): 763. ISSN2377-0872.